Since 2021, the eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) has witnessed a dramatic escalation of conflict, as the M23 armed group, reportedly backed by Rwanda, has seized control of key territories rich in minerals.
The offensive reached a critical point earlier this year with the capture of Goma in January, followed by Bukavu in February, forcing an unprecedented mass displacement of civilians.
According to the latest United Nations estimates, published at the end of July, over two million people have fled their homes in the provinces of North Kivu and South Kivu since the start of 2025.
Who is the M23?
The M23 movement emerged from the ethnic and political tensions that have long plagued eastern Congo. Born from a military rebellion in 2012, it claims to defend the interests of Congolese Tutsis, citing political exclusion and insecurity as its main grievances.
Its leaders are demanding full implementation of agreements previously reached with the Congolese government, including the integration of M23 fighters into the national armed forces and guarantees for lasting stability in the region.
The group receives direct support from Rwanda, led by President Paul Kagame, further inflaming tensions in the borderlands.
A peace agreement with no real effects
Despite a peace declaration signed in Doha on 19 July, reaffirming a ceasefire, violence continues unabated. This followed an earlier agreement in Washington under the auspices of President Donald Trump. Promises of peace have largely failed to materialize, leaving local populations in continued fear.
The situation around Mulamba in South Kivu is emblematic of this failure. Once spared from clashes since March, the area has been the scene of renewed fighting since last Friday, as M23 forces pushed back government-allied militias and regular troops.
Congolese authorities have expressed outrage at the continued instability, highlighting the fragility of international mediation efforts.
As the conflict persists, questions loom over the effectiveness of global diplomatic interventions, with the latest ceasefire offering little hope for those caught in the crossfire.
About The Author
